Department of Agricultural Extension and Development Studies

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

Philosophy

The founding fathers of the University of Port Harcourt believed that there was need to train Nigerian youths locally, and in sufficient numbers, for the formidable task of disseminating useful and practical information from the research base to the rural farm families for sustainability in food production. Agricultural Extension and Development Studies is based on the philosophy that rural people are intelligent, capable, and desirous of receiving information and making use of it for their individual and community welfare. It is purely voluntary and democratic in its approach to people. It is truly anchored on the principle of working with rural farm families where they are, build on what they have, add to what they know and enabling them to develop themselves.

Vision

Our goal for the agricultural extension program is to empower farmers with the knowledge and resources to increase productivity, improve livelihoods, and create a sustainable agricultural sector. we aim to foster an inclusive community of farmers through innovative approaches and promote environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic growth. our vision is for farmers to have access to the latest techniques and best practices, enabling them to thrive in their local context and contribute to the global food system.

Mission Statement

The mission of our agricultural extension program is to provide farmers with the necessary knowledge, skills, and resources to increase their productivity, improve their livelihoods, and contribute to a sustainable agricultural sector. We strive to achieve this mission by promoting effective communication, collaboration, and partnerships between farmers, researchers, extension agents, and other stakeholders. our program aims to identify and address the specific needs and challenges of farming communities, and to develop and disseminate innovative and appropriate technologies and practices that can enhance the resilience and sustainability of agriculture. We are committed to promoting social and gender equity, environmental stewardship, and economic growth in the communities we serve. through our efforts, we seek to empower farmers to achieve their full potential and to contribute to the development of a more equitable and sustainable world.

Philosophy

The philosophy of our agricultural extension program is based on the belief that farmers are at the center of sustainable agriculture and rural development. we recognize the critical role that farmers play in feeding the world’s population and sustaining the planet’s natural resources. our program is grounded in the principles of participatory, farmer-centred, and demand-driven approaches to agricultural extension.

Objectives of the Programme

The objectives of our agricultural extension program are:

1. to increase the productivity and profitability of smallholder farmers through the dissemination of appropriate and innovative agricultural technologies and practices.
2. to enhance the resilience and sustainability of farming communities by promoting environmental stewardship, natural resource management, and climate-smart agriculture.
3. to promote social and gender equity by ensuring that extension services and resources are accessible and responsive to the needs of women, youth, and other marginalized groups.
4. to foster inclusive and participatory approaches to agricultural extension by engaging farmers as active partners in the development and dissemination of technologies and practices.
5. to strengthen the capacity of extension agents, researchers, and other stakeholders to effectively support farmers and contribute to the development of sustainable agricultural systems.
6. to promote market-oriented agriculture by providing farmers with the necessary knowledge and skills to access markets, add value to their products, and increase their incomes.
7. to contribute to the development of a vibrant and sustainable agricultural sector that supports economic growth, food security, and poverty reduction.

Entry Requirement

Candidates seeking admission into the programme must:

i)  Pass the UTME, which must include the Use of English, Chemistry, Mathematics or          Physics, and Biology or Agricultural Science.

ii) Pass the Post-UTME and the screening test at an acceptable score/cut off point of the       University.

iii) Possess five credits in GCE/SSCE/NECO in the following subjects: Mathematics, English             Language, Chemistry, Biology or Agricultural Science. The other credits could come      from Economics, commerce, Geography and Government at not more than two sittings.

500 LEVEL (YEAR 5) COURSES

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

First semester			Second semester
Course Codes	Course Titles	Units	Course Codes	Course Titles	Units
AGX 501.1	Programme Development and Planning in Agricultural Extension	2	AGX 500.2	Seminar	1
AGX 502.1	Environmental Issues in Agricultural Extension	2	AGX 508.2	Rural Community Development	2
AGX 503.1	Measurement Techniques and Participatory Tools in Extension Research	2	AGX 509.2	Development and Diffusion of Technologies in Agriculture	2
AGX 504.1	Gender Issues and Development in Extension	2	AGX 510.2	Leadership and Group Dynamics	2
AGX 505.1	Rural Sociology	2	AGX 511.2	Extension Administration, Organization and Supervision	2
AGX 506.1	Home Economics Extension	2	AGX 512.2	Sustainability in Development	2
AGX 507.1	Extension psychology	2	AGX 599.2	Research Project	6
Total		14	Total		17
Total units = 31 Cumulative Units
Elective Courses			Elective Courses
AGX 508.1	Agricultural Extension Education	2	AGX 513.2	Facilitation and Advocacy in Agriculture (2 units)	2
AGR 502.1	Advances in Agriculture	2	AGX 514.2	Agricultural Extension programmes and Policies	2
Total		4	Total		4

CUMULATIVE UNITS

Agricultural Extension   182 units

COMMON synopsis for Bachelor of Agriculture Programme (Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management; Agricultural Extension and Development Studies; Animal Science; Crop and Soil Science)

YEAR ONE (FIRST SEMESTER)

GES 100.1Communication Skills in English (3 units) 

Study/library skills and methods: methods for taking and making notes; techniques for organizing study time; study methods and coping with examinations; Library skills and location of library materials. Listening skills: skills for effective listening comprehension. Basic skills in understanding lectures, dialogue or conversation. Identifying/understanding relevant Language Points in the discourse. Making notes/summaries of lectures. Decoding texts/information, vocabulary, inference and meaning, understanding grammar, usage, and style. Reading skills: Importance of Reading; reading as study technique. Kinds of reading: speed reading, skimming, scanning, intensive, extensive, reading for evaluation. Understanding text organization. Reading comprehension: SQ3R method. Reading and developing Vocabulary. Using grammar in Reading and Writing. The Hierarchy: Words and their classes, phrases/clauses. Level of the sentence: English as a SVOCA language. Vocabulary, using the dictionary and word relationships: polysemy, antonym, synonyms, homonyms, homophones, denotation/connotation, collocational patterns: affixation, suffixation, etc. Writing and Speaking Skills.

FSB 101.1 General Biology I (3 units)

Characteristics of life. Investigation in biology. The scientific substance of life; the unit of life (including methods of study); activities of cells; the control of metabolic activities, cell division. Basic principles of inheritance.

CHM 130.1 General Chemistry I (3 units)

Introduction to chemistry; matter, energy, measurement, significant figures; dimensional analysis. State and classification of matter, mixtures, compounds and elements. Atomic theory and molecular structure. Atoms, molecules, ions, periodic table, inorganic nomenclature. Equations, types of reactions, atomic and molecular weights, the mole. Empirical formulae, stoichiometry limiting reagent, molarity, titration. Energy, enthalpy, Hess’s law, standard heat of formation, calorimetry. Size of atoms, patterns on periodic table. Chemical bonding, valence, electrons, ionic bonding and size of ions, covalent bonding, and Lewis structures, resonances forms, bond energies, polarities. Hydrogen bonding in solids. Types of solution, concentrations, solution process, T and P effects, reactions in aqueous solutions, colligative properties.

PHY 101.1 Mechanics and Properties of Matter (3 units)

Topics covered in this course will include the following: motion in one dimension in a plane, work and energy, conservation laws, oscillation, solid friction, rotational kinematics and rotational dynamics, equilibrium of rigid bodies, gravitation, Galilean invariance, surface tension, elasticity and viscosity.

MTH 120.1 Calculus (3 units)

Function of a real variable, graphs, limits and idea of continuity. The derivative as limit of rate of change. Techniques of differentiation. Extreme curve sketching, integration as an inverse of differentiation. Methods of integration. Definite integrals. Application to areas, volumes.

GES102.1 Introduction to Logic and Philosophy (2units)

Symbolic logic, special symbols in symbolic logic; conjunction, negation, affirmation, disjunction, equivalence and conditional statement; the laws of thought; the method of deduction using rules of inference and bi-conditionals and quantification theory.

MTH 110.1 Elementary Algebra and Sets (2units)

Algebra and Trigonometry; Real number system, Real sequences and series: sets and sub sets; unit intersection, complements, empty and universal sets, Venn diagram; one way correspondence between sets; quadratic functions and equations; solution of linear equation, simple properties of determinants; indices and binomial theorem; transformations e.g. Log transformation equation of the straight line and application to simple regression equation; permutations and combinations; circular measure, trigonometric functions of angles, addition and factor formulae; complex numbers; moments and couples; relative velocity; calculus; elementary function of simple real variables; graphs of simple functions; the differentiations of simple algebra; exponential and log functions, differentiation of a sum; product; quotient; function of function rules; implicit differentiation; definite and indefinite integrations of functions; application of definite and indefinite integrals to areas and volumes.

PHY 102.1 Physics Practical (1unit)

Motion in one dimension in a plane; work and energy; conservation laws; oscillation; solid friction, rotational kinematics and rotational dynamics; equilibrium of rigid bodies; gravitation, Galilean invariance, surface tension, elasticity and viscosity. Emphasis is on experimental verifications and quantitative measures of physical laws, treatment of measurement errors and graphical analysis. The experiments include studies of mechanical systems; static and rotational dynamics of rigid bodies, viscosity, elasticity, surface tension and hydrostatics.

YEAR ONE (SECOND SEMESTER)

GES 103.2 Nigerian People and Culture (2 units)

Concepts of culture; The study of Nigerian history and culture in the pre-colonial, colonial and contemporary times; the Nigerian’s perception of his world; cultural areas of Nigeria and their characteristics; cultural contact and social change; ethnicity and integration; evolution of Nigeria as a political unit. Norms, values, moral obligations of citizens- environmental sanitation.

FSB 102.2 General Biology II (3 units)

Varieties of organisms. Principles of classification of organisms- systematics. A study of selected animals and plant groups. Analysis of flora and fauna of assigned habitats.

CHM 131.2 General Chemistry II (3 units)

Application of the principles of chemical and physical change to the study of the behaviour of matter and interaction between matters. Course content includes, the chemistry of the representative elements and their common compounds with emphasis on graduation of their properties. Brief chemistry of the first, series of transition elements, general principles of extraction of metals; introductory nuclear chemistry.

CHM 132.2 Introduction to Principles of Organic Chemistry (3 units)

A survey of carbon compounds including an overview of the common functional groups in aliphatic and benzenoid compounds. Introduction to reactants and reaction in organic chemistry.

PHY 115.2 Heat, Light and Sound (2 units)

Thermodynamics, colorimetry and heat transfer. Geometrical optics will include reflection of light at the plane and curved surfaces, and optical instruments. Properties and progression of sound waves. Sound waves propagating in air columns. Doppler effect.

GES 101.2 Computer Appreciation and Application (2 units)

Introduction to basic computer concepts. Historical development and classification of computers. Hardware, software and firm ware components of a computer. Computer programming languages, introduction to data bases, data capture techniques. Introduction to computer networks, computer operation. Introduction to Disk Operating System (DOS). Microsoft windows and windows applications. Introduction to data processing. An introduction to the internet.

AGR 101.2 Introductory Statistics for Agriculture (2 units)

Idea of statistics. Sequence of statistical investigation; Data collection methods; Sampling; Basic statistical notations; Methods of collation and presentation of data; Measures of location (mean, mode, median); quantities; Measures of dispersion (variance, standard deviation, standard error, coefficient of variation), skewness and kurtosis.

YEAR TWO (First semester)              

AGR 201.1 General Agriculture (2 units)

Definition, scope and importance of agriculture; Agricultural ecological zones and distribution of farm; Introduction to Agricultural Economics and Extension; Introduction to Farm Forestry; Introduction to Crop Science; Introduction to Soil Science; Introduction to Farm Mechanization; Introduction to Animal Science; Introduction to Fisheries and Aquaculture; Post-harvest handling of agricultural products.

CPS 201.1 Crop Anatomy, Taxonomy and Physiology (2 units)

Parts of the crop cell, cell biology and cell types.  Development of cells and tissues, comparative anatomy of major plant organs.  Enzymes, photosynthesis, respiration and energy utilization; Transpiration; pollination and fertilization; seed dormancy and germination, mineral nutrition. Introduction to plant taxonomy, characteristics, distribution, economic importance and local examples of leguminosae, gramineae, compositae, dioscoreasae, rutaceasae, use of plant keys. Growth and development, structure and function of plant growth hormones.  Practical: dormancy and seed germination studies; mineral nutrition experiment.

AGE 201.1 Principles of Agricultural Economics (2 units)

Economics of agriculture, efficiency of resource allocation; Agricultural resources; Production, processing, marketing/distribution and utilization of farm produce; Cost Price analysis, demand, supply.

FWL 201.1 Introduction to Forestry and Wildlife Management (2 units)

Nature and scope of forestry and forest. Structure, classification and importance of forest. Forest products; fauna and flora. Introduction to wildlife, importance of wildlife, forestry and wildlife interlinks.

AGR 2CS.1 Community Service (1 unit)

The course is designed to make the students appreciate the dignity of labour and to acquire a sense of service to the community. Students are to execute various special projects modelled in line with their field of study.

AGR 202.1 Introduction to Farm Power and Machinery (2 units)

Aims and objectives of farm mechanization. Basic mechanics. Workshop tools. Principles of internal combustion engines and electric motor. Study of farm machinery used for tillage; ploughs, harrows, cultivators, farm power transmission system. Harvesting and processing equipment. (sprayers and dusters). Equipment for livestock (automatic feed conveyors, automatic drinkers for poultry, feeding and watering equipment, milking and milk handling equipment, meat processing equipment). Water lifting and irrigation equipment. Survey instruments used on the farm. Operating principles, selection and maintenance procedure of farm machinery. Farm machinery costing and records. Workshop and building materials used on the farm. Practical: Day-to-day operations of machines and implements; visits to farm machinery suppliers such as Dizengoff, SCOA, etc.

SOS 201.1 Introduction to Soil Science (2 Credits)  

Soils -genesis and formation, factors of soil formation, weathering (physical, chemical and biological), physico-chemical properties of soils. Soil moisture, air, and temperature, soil classification and survey, scope of soil science. Soil colloids, soil reactions. Soil organic matter and soil organisms, soil and water conservation, nutrient requirements and mineral nutrition of plants, introduction to fertilizers. Practical: Description of soil profile pit; particle size analysis.

AGR 203.1 Introduction to Agricultural Microbiology (2 units)

Importance of microbiology in agriculture; Introduction to microbial world; Broad groups of microflora and microfauna; Classification of microorganisms and other soil organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, protozoans, earthworms, and other annelids) Morphology, growth and reproduction of bacteria, yeast, moulds, viruses; Importance of soil microbiology in agriculture, classification of soil organisms; soil organic matter decomposition; microbial transformation of phosphorus, iron, nitrogen and  sulphur; biochemistry and microbiology of nitrification; nitrogen fixation by legumes and non-legumes and its significance. Microbial release of nutrients in soils and plant nutrition. Influence of soil factors on population and activities of microbes; role of micro-organisms in soil fertility. Transformation of hydrocarbons and pesticides. Rhizosphere and its importance. Practical: Use of microscopes; Cultivation of micro-organisms, preparation of culture media, isolation of bacteria and fungi; Preparation of slides for microscopic examination and identification; safety precautions in microbiology laboratory.

AGR 204.1 Computer Applications to Agriculture (2 units)

Importance of computers in Agriculture; ICT applications in Agriculture; Use of spreadsheet; use of graphics for agricultural communication; use of PowerPoint for presentation. Data management; Use of statistical packages. Visits to organizations

Year two (Second semester)

AGF 201.2 Farm Practice (2 units)

Fisheries	Animal Science	Crop & Soil Science	Forestry & Wildlife	Food Nutrition & Home Science
Fish culture Hatchery production Fish feed production	Livestock production Silage making	Mushroom production Composting Budding/ Grafting Soil survey	Bee keeping Snail production Game management and utilization Forest nursery/ Arboretum	Food processing Food production Food demonstration

AGR 205.2 Agro-climatology and Meteorology (2 units)

The principles, aims and scope of climatology and biogeography. The elements and control of climate and weather and the dynamics of the earth atmosphere. Radiation and heating of the atmospheric systems, atmospheric moisture, the dynamics of pressure and wind systems. Condensation and precipitation processes. Seasonal variation in temperature, day length, radiation, rainfall and evaporation. Equipment and maintenance of standard meteorological stations. The climate; relation between agriculture and climate with reference to crops, livestock, irrigation, pests and diseases. Environment and its significance to agriculture, influence of moisture, humidity temperature, radiation and wind in crop growth and production; wind breaks and shelter belts; micro-changes within crop stands and their effects on crops, selection of crops in relation to environmental factors. Practical: measurements of net radiation and micro-climatic parameter in crop stands, study of agro meteorological data; field trips to meteorological stations.

AGR 206.2 Principles of Food Science and Technology (2 units)

Definition and scope of Food Science and Technology; Food distribution and Marketing; Food and its functions; Food habits; Food poisoning and its prevention; Principles of food processing and preservation; Discussion of different preservation methods; Deterioration and spoilage of foods, other post-harvest changes in food; contamination of foods and natural sources; Composition and structures of Nigerian/West African food; factors contributing to texture, colour, aroma and flavour of food; Cost; Traditional and ethnic influences of food preparation and consumption pattern; Elementary Biotechnology. Practical.

AGR 207.2 Introduction to Home Economics (2 units)

Philosophy, scope, objectives and historical development of home economics (Food and Nutrition, Home management, Clothing and Textile); Examination of basic human needs with respect to food, clothing, shelter and health. Programme approaches in home economics which help to meet these needs. Preparation for careers in a variety of occupation. Roles of women in agriculture. Practical: Flour confectioneries; industrial catering.

CPS 202.2 Principles of Crop Production (2 units)

Crop production and its development. The principles, problems and prospects of crop production, importance of crop rotation, cultural practices; water uptake, weeds, weed control, and their effects on crop production, pests and diseases. Basic Mendelian genetics. Principles of crop production, harvesting, processing and storage.  Practical: Test of seed viability, germination of seeds in laboratory and in field; tillage practices; identification of fertilizers; field trip to different cropping systems.

ANS 201.2: Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals (2 units)

Introduction and glossary of some anatomical and physiological terms. External features of farm animals including their functions and usefulness. Skeletal, digestive and other systems in ruminants and non-ruminants. Nature of farm animals (body fluids; homeostasis; temperature regulation). Blood cells and their various functions. Classes and roles of farm animals. Nutrition and digestion in non-ruminants and ruminants. Endocrinology and its functions. Egg formation and production in poultry. Lactation and milk letdown in farm animals.

ANS 202.2: Principles of Animal Production (2 units)

Animal production and its development. The livestock industry – problems and prospects. Introduction to the factors of production in animal husbandry. Descriptions of different breeds of cattle, sheep and goats; pigs, poultry and rabbits, etc. Feeding habits of farm animals. Principles of breeding and livestock judging. General principles of management for different classes of farm animals (parent stock, breeders, weaners, etc.). Livestock husbandry operation and production systems for different livestock – cattle, sheep and goats, poultry, swine, and rabbit. The impacts of the environment on livestock production.

FSH 201.2 Introduction to Fisheries (2 units)

Introduction, definitions, nature and scope of fisheries; Fish products and their importance. External morphological features of bony and cartilaginous fishes.

Year three (first semester)

AGR 301.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing (2 units)

Introduction; Physics of EMR (Energy sources, radiation principles); characteristics of Remote Sensing sensors and satellites; Reflectance properties of earth surface and atmospheric features (energy interactions, spectral reflectance curve, spectral reflectance of soil, water and vegetation); Remote sensing data analysis (visual image interpretation, digital image processing); Integration of remote sensing with GPS and GIS; Reference field data; successful applications. Practical.

AGR 302.1: Agricultural Research and Report Writing (2 units)

Purpose and type of research; research proposal; problem identification and hypothesis formulation; methods of primary and secondary data collection; data organization and presentation; scientific writing; formats for project and thesis presentation. Review of basic statistics: frequency distribution, measures of location and dispersion; Principles of field experimentation.

AGE 301.1 Introduction to Farm Management (2 units)

The nature of farm management and production economics. Theory of agricultural production and revenue concepts; Elements of time, risk, and uncertainty in agricultural production. Break-even, gross net margin, and budgetary analysis.  

AGE 302.1 Introduction to Mathematical Economics for Agriculture (2 units)

Simple production function. The nature of Mathematics for Economists, Terminologies, Concepts and Tools in Mathematics for Economists; variables, constants, parameters and coefficients. Graphs, slopes and intercepts. Supply and Demand analysis. Derivatives and rules of differentiations. Income and determination models IS-LM analysis. Marginal concepts in Economics. Integration and logarithms.

AGE 303.1 Economic Analysis (2 units)

Nature and scope of macro-economics, circular flow of national income and product. Determinants of aggregates. National income, expenditure, investments, interest rates, savings and employments. Demand and supply of money and monetary policies. Macro-economic equilibrium. Nature, causes and remedies of inflation. International trade.

ANS 301.1: Animal Health and Diseases (2 units)

The economic impacts of diseases on livestock and poultry production; environmental factors in relation to major livestock and poultry diseases. Helminth and protozoal parasites of livestock and poultry. Bacterial, fungal and viral infections of farm animals; The classification, diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, treatment and control of different livestock and poultry diseases. Notifiable diseases. Principles of immunity and disease resistance and their practical applications. The science, handling and management of sick animals; Drug administration, vaccination programmes and schedules. Ante- and post-mortem examinations in the diagnosis of diseases; Applied entomology and elements of chemical and biological control of disease vectors in livestock and poultry; Applied parasitology in livestock and poultry, and their socio-economic effects.

ANS 302.1: Non-Ruminant Animal Production (2 units)

Non-ruminant animal industry and its contribution to national growth and development. Importance and distribution of non-ruminant animals. Breeds and production systems. Nature of non-ruminant farm animals – poultry, swine, rabbits, and selected micro-livestock of socio-economic importance. Management and husbandry practices. Animal health and hygiene. Non-ruminant products and by-products, and marketing.

CPS 301.1 Arable Crop Production (2 units)

Origin, distribution, soil and climatic requirements of cereals, grain legumes, root and tuber crops, fibre crops, sugar crops and other important arable crops in Nigeria. Improved varieties, production practices, harvesting, utilization, processing, storage and economic aspects of the selected arable crops.  Practical: study of various production practices of some selected crops from sowing to harvesting in small plots.

CPP 302.1 Introduction to Entomology (2 units)

Insect morphology, structure and function; life cycles and metamorphosis, semi-chemicals – kairomones, allomones, pheromones; insects’ classification and identification; orders of insects of economic importance with special emphasis on insects found in Nigeria. Practical: insects’ morphology, taxonomy and identification; killing and preservation of insects; preparation for insects’ parts, fixing, staining and drawing.

SOS 301.1 Pedology and Soil Physics (2 units)

Soils, its origin, and formation. Soil morphological characteristics, soil components, rock and mineral weathering. Profile pit, soil survey, soil mapping, soil classification, properties and management of Nigerian soils. Definition of soil physics, physical properties of soils, mechanical analysis of soils, textural profile, soil structure, bulk density,  porosity, effects of applied stress on soil, soil compaction and compression, soil air and aeration, soil water content, properties and forces acting on soil water, management of soil physical conditions, soil tilth and tillage, soil physics and agriculture Practical:  laboratory and field determinations of soil physical properties, soil profile pit description.

YEAR THREE (SECOND SEMESTER)

ANS 303.2: Ruminant Animal Production (2 units)

Ruminant animal industry and its contribution to the growth and development of an economy. Breeds and production systems. Housing, feeding, breeding and reproduction in ruminants. Management of breeding stock; growing of young ruminants including housing and feeding of cattle, sheep and goats. Ruminant health and hygiene. Ruminant products and by-products, and marketing.

ANS 304.2: Animal Genetics and Breeding (2 units)

History of genetics and breeding; Chromosomes structure, number and variation; Gene and genotype; Genetic code; Mendelism; fundamental principles of inheritance; Quantitative and qualitative characters and their inheritance. Different types of gene action, values and means, repeatability, heritability, etc. Animal variation and selection principles; Breeding and environmental effects; Inbreeding, pure line breeding, cross breeding and other breeding methods. Selection in breeding, and genetic engineering in contemporary livestock production systems.

AGF 301.2 Field Course (1unit)

Study visit to areas, institutions, industries, etc., relevant to students’ area of specialization. Students are required to write a report on the trip.

AGR 303.2 Agricultural Biochemistry (2 units)

Biochemistry in agriculture, food and nutrition; Proteins, vitamins, minerals in farm produce- eggs, meat, vegetable, etc. food processing and natural products; Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (metabolic pathways).

CPS 303.2 Permanent Crops (2 units)

Origin, distribution, soil and climatic requirements of some important permanent and perennial crops such as cocoa, oil palm, rubber, coffee, tea, coconut, sugarcane, kola, cashew, mango, bananas, plantain, citrus, guava, gum Arabic, etc.  Production practices, improvement, harvesting, utilization, processing, storage and economic aspects of some selected permanent and perennial crops.  Practical: visit to different nurseries and plantations to observe practices followed in the propagation of permanent crops; propagation of few permanent crops in the University farm.

CPS   304.2 Crop Genetics and Breeding (2 units)

Cell structure and components, chromosomes, structure, number and variations; linkage and cross-over, mutation and genes in population and transmission of biological variations, theory of evolution, fundamental principles of inheritance.  Mendelian genetics, introduction to population and quantitative genetics. Objectives and general principles of crop breeding including their application to self-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops. General and special methods of selection, in-breeders and out-breeders; compatibility; male sterility. Heterosis, polyploidy in crop breeding; mutation breeding. Breeding methods for crop improvement, development, multiplication and distribution of improved varieties.

CPP 305.2 Introduction to Phytopathogens and Weed Science (2 units)

The major fungi, bacteria and viruses; nematodes, weeds and other disease organisms of crops and stored products. Study of the effects of bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes – their biology and ecology; morphology and taxonomy of weeds; modes of dispersal and germination; characteristics, classification and biology of weed. Taxonomy, morphology and life history of plant parasitic nematodes. Practical: identification of common weeds in the area; field study in the University farm. Microscopic studies of nematodes; techniques of processing soil and plant material by means of sifting and gravity and Berman-funnel techniques

SOS 302.2 Soil Chemistry I (2 units)

The soil chemical composition, soil colloids, saline, alkaline, and acid soil properties, ion exchange, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, chelating agents and soil organic matter. Laboratory exercises. Practical: Determination of soil carbonates, organic matter content, extraction, fractionation, and characterization, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Na, and ESP determination, specific anion reactions, soil pH measurement, electrical conductivity measurement, exchangeable NO₃^–and NH₄⁺determination.

AGX 301.2 Extension Teaching, Learning Methods and Processes (2 Units)

The nature and elements of communication. The meaning of the concepts of teaching, learning and motivation; steps and principles of teaching and learning; extension teaching methods; preparation and use of teaching materials and aids.

GES 300.2: Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship (2 units)

Concept, history and development of entrepreneurship; The entrepreneur qualities and characteristics; The Entrepreneur and Business environment; identifying business opportunities; starting and developing new business ventures; legal forms of business ownership and registration; Types of business ownership; Feasibility studies; Role of small and Medium Scale Enterprise (SME) in the economy; Role of government on Entrepreneurship; Business location and layout; Accounting for SME; Financing SME; Managing of SME; Marketing in SME; Risk Management of SME; Success and Failure factors of SME; Prospects and Challenges of Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship; Ethical behaviour in small business.

Year four

GES 400 Entrepreneurship project               (2 units)

AGR 400 (SIWES): Report writing               (30 units)

COURSE OPTIONS

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS PROGRAMME

YEAR FIVE (FIRST SEMESTER)

AEE 501.1 Social Research Methods and Statistics (2 units)

Defining a research problem; Developing hypothesis and objectives; Principles of research design; Questionnaire preparation and collection of data; Principles of measurement; Scaling techniques; Data collection methods; Sampling techniques; Report writing; Presentation procedures and skills (narrative, tabular, pictorial formats, etc.); Participatory research techniques; Inferential statistics: Chi-square; t-test; Z-test; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); Correlation; Regression (Logit, Probit),

AGE501.1 Econometrics (2 units)

Nature and scope of econometrics. Correlation and regression analysis. Assumptions of the OLS method of estimation. Violation of the basic assumptions of the OLS method of estimation. Estimation with bad or deficient data. Multiple regression analysis. Applications of econometrics theory in statistical demand, production and cost analysis. Methods and application of econometrics to agricultural problems.

AGE 502.1 Agricultural Marketing and Product Price Analysis (2 units)

Factors affecting demand and supply of farm produce, elasticities (price, income and gross) and total revenue price and output fluctuation and cycles, Cobweb theorem; demand for farm inputs and optimum conditions; agricultural price stabilization and support policies; time series analysis. Approach to marketing studies, conduct and performance, types of agricultural markets and prices, farm gate, wholesale, and retails; demand for products and elasticities. Characteristics of supply of farm products; marketing efficiency; cost of marketing and marketing margins; pricing of agricultural commodities, standardization, grading, packaging, etc. Nigerian Commodity Marketing Boards; future markets, marketing problems in Nigerian agriculture.

AGE 503.1 Agricultural Development Policy and Planning (2 units)

Historical and analytical treatment of government agricultural policies and programmes in Nigeria and developing countries in general; theories and policies of agriculture; the role of agriculture in the economy; interrelationship between agricultural and individual development; sectoral planning of agriculture problems of agricultural development and planning. Integrated rural development and planning.

AGE 504.1 Farm Management and Accounting (2 units)

Decision making process, depreciation techniques of asset, farm budgeting, farm planning and analysis, problems of organization and managing farms, linear programming. Kinds and function of farm records and account, basic principles of accounting, nature of simple farm account, farm records and inventories, the balance sheet, journal and ledger, profit and loss statement preparation, adjusting entries.

AGE 505.1 Micro-Economics (2 units)

Nature and scope of micro-economic theory; The theory of consumer behaviour, theory of production, traditional versus modern theory of cost, theory of the firm, perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. Demand and supply analysis and its application in agriculture. Production, cost and revenue concepts; Theory of distribution, market structure and general equilibrium theory. Elements of welfare economics.

AGE 506.1 Resource and Environmental Economics (2 units)

Meaning and scope of land economics; institutional factors affecting land use; land tenure and its implication for agricultural development, renewability and non-renewability of land resources, Malthusian and Richardian models. Current public policies affecting land use; state in relation to agriculture, land tenure system, tenancy law; taxation of agricultural properties. Meaning and scope of environmental economics, externalities and market failure, Benefit Cost analysis.

AGX 501.1 Programme Development and Planning in Agricultural Extension (2 units)

Definition and principles of extension programme planning; approaches and steps in extension programme planning; importance of programme planning in agricultural extension needs, types and criteria for effective programme objectives; learning experience, clientele participation; long and short range programme, plan of work and calendar of work; the role of good public relations; and cooperation for an extension worker; associations and cooperatives; concepts of evaluation applied to agricultural extension programme. Practical: Students will develop extension programme of work and report; field trip.

AGX 505.1 Rural Sociology (2 units)

Theory of sociology; Analysis of social structure of rural agrarian system and societies. Selected theories of social change and their potential for modernization of rural societies; social change and attitude change. Measurements of changes in rural societies, resistance and conducive forces to change in rural societies. Economic aspects of social change; group dynamics; traditional institutions and their transformation, leadership patterns. Involvement of local people in direct change. Problems of rural societies, their causes and solutions special topics in rural sociology, selected case studies.

AGR 502.1: Advances in Agriculture (2 units)

Historical background, Principles (principles of health, fairness, ecology, care) and practice of organic agriculture; Organic crop production, pest and disease management, predator control for sustainable and organic livestock production. Organic forestry, climate change and carbon sequestration, pasture management. Enterprise budgets and production costs for organic production, organic marketing resources and green markets; Hydroponic Agriculture: Preparation of nutrient solutions, media and methods (water culture, sub irrigation, slop and drip). Benefits and constraints; Tissue Culture and Cloning Technology: Introduction, laboratory requirements, effects of hormone balance on explants growth and morphogenesis, callus formation and multiplication, establishment of Suspension Cultures and Anther culture. Applications and relevance to Agriculture. Criticisms and laws (Bioethics and Biopiracy). Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (Health issues, influence on biodiversity, benefits and demerits); organic farm certification and export markets.

YEAR FIVE (SECOND SEMESTER)

AGE 500.2 Seminar (1 unit)

Each final year student is expected to deliver seminar on a chosen topic.

AGE 507.2 Principles of Cooperative Practice (2 units)

History and concept of cooperatives; Kinds and operations of agricultural cooperatives; Cooperative production and marketing; Agricultural cooperatives in socialist and capitalist economic systems; Problems of agricultural cooperatives in Nigeria.

AGE 508.2 Agri-Business Management and Finance (2 units)

Farm structure, size and performance of business organizations in the agricultural sector. Public policies affecting growth of agribusiness farms in Nigeria; organization and management of such large-scale farms; legal organization and tax strategies. Economics of agricultural processing, principles of agricultural finance and farm credit. Capital needs of agricultural industries. Sources of loan, government credit policies and approaches to efficient credit management. 

AGE 509.2 Agricultural Project Management and Evaluation (2 units)

Nature of agricultural projects in agricultural development. Principles of development (project cycle). Agricultural schemes, e.g. River Basins, Plantations, Large scale farms. Techniques of project management in agriculture; Cost-Benefit analysis; rate of returns calculations; cash flow procedures; farm and other resource valuation

AGE 510.2 International Trade in Agriculture (2 units)

International trade theory and its implication for agriculture; determinants of trade specialization; terms of trade; balance of payments and exchange rate systems, trade policies, free trade versus protectionism and their implications for agriculture, regional blocs, EEC, ECOWAS etc.; problems of international trade.

AGE 511.2 Production Economics (2 units)

Scope and nature of production economics. Theory of production. Production relationships. Goals of production; Nature and structure of farm resources; organization of production-farm cost functions. Agricultural supply functions. Production planning research; the linear programming approach. Case studies.

AGE 599.2   Research Project (6 units)

Each final year student is expected to take up a project topic, propose his/her research and present findings of the research work. This shall be under the supervision of a lecturer(s) in the department. Hard copies of the project must be submitted to the department. 

AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

YEAR THREE (FIRST SEMESTER)

GST 312: Peace and Conflict Resolution    (2 Units) 

Concepts of peace. Conflict and security in a multi-ethnic nation. Types and theories of conflicts: ethnic, religious, and economic. Geo-political conflicts. Structural conflict theory, Realist theory of conflict. Frustration-aggression conflict theory. Root causes of conflict and violence in Africa: indigene and settlers’ phenomenon. Boundaries/boarder disputes, political disputes, ethnic disputes and rivalries. Economic inequalities. Social disputes, nationalist movements and agitations. Selected conflict case studies – Tiv-Junkun, Zango Kartaf, chieftaincy and land disputes etc. Peace building. Management of conflicts and security. Peace & human development. Approaches to peace & conflict management (religious, government, community leaders, etc.). Elements of peace studies and conflict resolution. Conflict dynamics assessment scales: constructive & destructive. Justice and legal framework: concepts of social justice. The Nigeria legal system, insurgency and terrorism. Peace mediation and peace keeping. Peace & Security Council (international, national and local levels). Agents of conflict resolution – conventions, treaties, community policing: evolution and imperatives. Alternative dispute resolution, ADR (a) Dialogue  (b) Arbitration, (c) Negotiation, and (d) Collaboration, etc. Roles of international organizations in conflict resolution: (a) The United Nations, UN, and its conflict resolution organs, (b) The African Union & Peace Security Council, (c) ECOWAS in peace keeping. Media and traditional institutions in peace building. Managing post-conflict situations/crisis: refugees. Internally displaced persons, IDPs. The role of NGOs in post-conflict situations/crisis.

UPH-AGR 302.1 Agricultural Research and Report Writing (2 Units)

Purpose and type of research. Elements of report writing, research proposal; problem identification and hypothesis formulation. Methods of primary and secondary data collection; data organization and presentation; scientific writing; formats for project and thesis presentation. Review of basic statistics: frequency distribution, measures of location and dispersion. Principles of field experimentation. Test of hypotheses. Principles of report design. Structure/layout of report, importance of report writing, table of contents with styles, foot notes and endnotes, referencing styles, plagiarism, communication skills, visual and oral communication tools, power point design and presentation skills, presentation graphics. Barriers to effective report presentation. Practicals: report writing lesson exercise and assignment. Structure, usage and style. Vocabulary. Selection of and note taking from collegelevel source material. Synthesis of source material. Citation, summary and paraphrase. MLA and APA style. Research paper writing. 

AGE 302.1 Mathematical Economics for Agriculture (2 units)

Simple production function. The nature of Mathematics for Economists, Terminologies, Concepts and Tools in Mathematics for Economists; variables, constants, parameters and coefficients. Graphs, slopes and intercepts. Supply and Demand analysis. Derivatives and rules of differentiations. Income and determination models IS-LM analysis. Marginal concepts in Economics. Integration and logarithms.

AGB 301: Agribusiness Communication Skills  (2 Units)  

Rudiments of Communication: Communication defined. Elements of Communication, Principles of Communication: Oral, Written and Nonverbal Communication: Language defined, Non-verbal communication, Listening, Oral and written Communication; Functions and settings of Communication. Functions of Communication. Communication setting. Communication theories and Models: Linear Model. Interactional Model. Transactional Model etc. Writing and Communication Methods: Writing defined. Stages of Writing; other Aspects of the Writing process. Corporate and Public Communications. Commercial Communication Method and Letter Writing. Process of Meeting. Conferences. Seminar. Symposium and Debates: Meetings defined. Conduct. Procedures Aims and Benefits/Disadvantages of Meetings. Written Rules Affecting Meetings. Conference. Seminar. Symposium and Debates. Uses of Words. Sentences and Figurative Expressions. Words and their Meanings. Synonyms and Antonyms. Dynamism in Words and Predication. Suffixation. Sentences/Figurative Expression. Reports and Handover notes: Types of Reports, Components of Reports and Handover Notes. Organization communication: The concept of organizational communication.  Factors Affecting Effectiveness of organizational Communication. Types of organizational Communication. Public Relations and marketing Communication. Common terminology in Agribusiness communication.

AGB 302.1 Quantitative Analysis   (2 units)                                                

Introduction to quantitative application in Business, tools and concept of quantitative analysis:-  probabilities, matrices, calculus etc.  business decision theory and analysis decision making under certainty, risk and uncertainty.  Decision rule, sensitivity analysis, estimation of cost behaviour pattern. Correlation and repression analysis etc. operational Research.  Decision theory; Minimal and Maximal regret criterion; Expected value linear programming, inventory and production control.

AGB 303.1: Agribusiness Marketing and Cooperative  (2 Units)

Meaning and history of Agricultural Co-operative. Principles of Agricultural Co-operative. Types of Agricultural co-operatives. Management of co-operatives. Co-operatives in Agricultural development in Nigeria. Women in Agricultural co-operatives. Cooperative laws and legal matters.

AGB 304.1:  Agribusiness Management Theory and Practice    (2 Units) 

Concepts of theory in the physical and social sciences. Levels of theory. The features of theory in management. Links between management theories and management models. Practice of management conduct as a test of good management theory. Existing difficulties of developing useful management theories in Nigeria and other developing countries. Consideration of simple theories of management from the classics to modern times. For instance; the scientific management movement and the managerial behavioural movement. Theory X and theory The Grid Approach. Participative models. Management by objectives, quantitative and behavioural control models. Testing specific theories from the Nigerian socio-cultural experiences of managing extended family issues, to settling group conflicts of securing productivity at work, of maintaining control over the forces in the environment. Theories observable in the way Nigerian parastatals are being managed. Expatriate management approaches to work in Nigerian organizations. The confluence of management philosophy. Management theory and managerial behaviour in Nigeria. Criteria for locating bad management practices, and ideas of how better management theories may be introduced to particular Nigerian organizations. 

AGB 305.1: Management Accounting for Agribusiness I     (2 Units) 

 Nature and purpose of management accounting. Overview of management accounting concepts and techniques. Management accounting as a tool of management and its role in a changing environment. Application of marginal costing and absorption costing techniques in decision making. Measuring costs and benefits in making decisions such as dropping assignment/department/production, make or buying decisions, replacement of equipment. Cost volume profit analysis under conditions of uncertainty. Product optimal mix and constraints. Pricing policy decisions. Divisional performance measurements and transfer pricing system.

Inventory control and stock levels.

AGB 306.1: Farm Business Management and Production Economics  (2 Units) 

The farm business environment. Nature and scope of farm business management and production economics. Production function estimation. Analysis production cost. Revenue concepts and their application in farm management decision making. Analysis of the basic  Agricultural production relationships: factor- factor; factor- product; and product- Product Risk Management in farm businesses. Budgeting and linear programming in farm business planning and organization. Farm business analysis using income network and cash flow statements. Challenges of farm business organization and management in Nigeria. 

YEAR THREE (SECOND SEMESTER)

GST 312 PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION  2

AGE 303.2: Introduction to Resource and Environmental Economics (2 units)

Introduction to Resource and Environmental Economics: Definition and scope of resource and environmental economics. Importance for agribusiness management. Economic Principles and the Environment. Basic economic principles: supply, demand, and market equilibrium Market failures and environmental degradation. Concept of sustainability in economics. Valuation of Environmental Goods and Services: Economic valuation methods: contingent valuation, hedonic pricing, and travel cost method. Cost-benefit analysis of environmental projects. Application in agribusiness. Economics of Natural Resource Use: Theories of renewable and non-renewable resource use. Optimal resource extraction and management. Property rights and resource allocation. Environmental Policy and Regulation: Types of environmental policies: regulatory and market-based approaches. Economic implications of environmental regulations. Policy analysis in the context of agribusiness. Sustainable Agriculture and Resource Management: Principles of sustainable agriculture. Economic benefits of sustainable practices. Case studies of successful sustainable agriculture initiatives. Developing a sustainable agribusiness model. Climate Change and Agriculture: Economic impacts of climate change on agriculture. Adaptation and mitigation strategies. Policy responses to climate change. Global Environmental Issues and Agribusiness: Global challenges: deforestation, biodiversity loss, and water scarcity. International environmental agreements. Role of agribusinesses in global environmental stewardship. Economic Instruments for Environmental Management: Marketbased instruments: taxes, subsidies, and tradable permits. Payments for ecosystem services (PES). Incentives for sustainable practices in agriculture. Integrating Environmental and Economic Goals in Agribusiness: Balancing economic and environmental objectives. Strategies for sustainable business models. Long-term planning and investment in sustainability. Final project presentations on sustainable agribusiness models. Field trip to a sustainable farm.

UPH-AEA 303.2 Introduction to Human Resource Management, Human Relations and Communication (2 Units)

Introduction. Historical development of human resource management and its growth. Manpower; planning, job analysis and design techniques, recruitment, and selection. Employee development and performance; career development process, induction, staff assessment, and training, performance appraisal. Personnel administration and policies. Merit rating. Wage incentives and Fringe benefits. Job design and job analysis information, planning, withdrawal, selection, training and development, career planning. Work performance assessment, compensation, satisfaction work, trade unions, personnel audits and management information systems. Moral and industrial psychology; causes and meaning of fatigue, stress, monotony and time and motion study. Human resource management for small business. Personal function. Personnel management. Organizational behavior. Communication process. Human Relation ergonomics. Motivation of Employees. Morale and productivity. Personnel planning/selection. Manpower planning; Job analysis program. Employee training. Promotion policy; Employee performance appraisal. Employee competition. Minimum wage. Fair wage; Living wage; Methods of payment. Essentials of sound wage plans. Job evaluation rating and merit rating. Profit sharing. Industrial hygiene and safety. Employee benefits and service. Personnel problems. Workers’ participation in management. Key HR functions of recruitment and selection, learning and development, workforce planning, performance and reward management, occupational health and safety, and diversity management. Managing the employment cycle. Effective communication and decision-making skills. Interpersonal relationships. Conflict resolution techniques. Social Emotional Self.  Evolution of Human Relations. Personality, and Perception. Emotional Intelligence and Goal Setting. Stress Management. Communication. Ethics. Motivation. Decision Making.  Conflict and Negotiation. Leadership. Customer relations, relating with different types of customers. 

UPH-AEA 304 .2:  Agribusiness Study Tour       (1 Unit)

This course covers student visitation of agribusinesses and Allied Businesses. The tour involves arranged teaching of student on various agribusiness management practices peculiar with the Businesses visited. Teaching will be carried out by professionals and /or specialists who are not the formal teachers of the students. The student will be expected to develop a written report on the study at the end of the tour.

UPH-GES 300 Entrepreneurship Project and Agribusiness Development (2 Units)

Different entrepreneurship opportunities in agriculture. Start-ups in agriculture. Arable farming. Vegetable farming. Snailery. Grass cutter production. Mushroom production. Fish farming and processing. Poultry production. Rabbitary production. Processing, marketing of any of these enterprises. Honey production. Practical individual and group projects. Entrepreneurial environment. Green house farming. Advisory service delivery. Sources of funding for entrepreneurship projects in Nigeria. Other entrepreneurship opportunities.

UPH-AGF 301.2:   Field Course (1 Unit)

Course and field visit organization. The historical and biophysical context of agriculture and natural resource management in the Niger Delta region, Oil palm, cocoa and coffee cultivation, Banana, pineapple, sugar cane cultivation, Livestock, vegetables and the rainforest. General principles of field crop production. Factors such as environmental concerns, economic constraints, weather, soil fertility, varietal differences, cultural practices, and pests. Tillage practices of field crops. Specific crops include corn. Election, breeding, feeding, management, and marketing of ruminants and non-ruminants. Emphasis placed on livestock systems and current production technologies. Horticulture, floriculture, greenhouse management, and landscaping. specific nutrients and feedstuffs as related to domestic farm livestock. Feedstuffs in relation to value added to a ration. Ration formulation. The study of diseases, treatment and prevention of diseases in farm animals. Business plans. Agricultural credit, sources, types and financing. Seminars. Report writing.

AGB 307.2: Introduction to Application of Computer in Agribusiness     (2 Units) 

Computers and applications in the modern world; Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) revolution and applications in Agribusiness, Agriculture, Environment and the globe. Basic Computing: Microsoft Word Processing and Applications, Spreadsheets, Power Point Presentations. Data Presentations and Management. Computers in Business and Products Development Models, Market Development Models; Computers in Products Handling, Transport and Shipment. Networking, Advertisement and Invoicing, etc. Computers and the Internet Services-Geographic Information System (GIS), etc.  

AGB 308.2: Business Mathematics and Statistics (2 units)                                

Nature of statistics, statistical enquiries, forms and designs. The role of statistics. Basic concepts in statistics. Discrete and continuous variables. Functional relationships, sources of data presentation of statistical data. Measures of central tendency. measures of dispersion. Momem’s, skewness and kurtosis decision theory. Test of hypothesis for small and large samples. Chi square distribution. Linear progression. Index numbers. Time series and analysis of time series. Meaning and scope of Business Maths, Determination and creation of functions. Differentiation of the 1^st and 2^nd orders. Simple interest and bank discount rates.  Compound interest and time value of money.  Use of present and future value. Annuities present and future values.  Amortization schedules, sinking funds, and depreciation.  Financial ratios, calculations and interpretations. Bonds and stocks; procedures of issuing them.  Capital budget. Integration.

AGB 309.2: Introduction to agribusiness II 

Overview of the agricultural industry and the role of agribusiness. Agricultural production: Introduction to agricultural production systems, farm management, crop and livestock production, and sustainable agriculture practices. Marketing and supply chain management: Understanding of agricultural markets, pricing, and supply chain management. Agricultural finance: Financial management, budgeting, and investment analysis in agribusiness. Policy and regulations: Understanding of government policies and regulations affecting the agricultural industry. Technology in agribusiness: Understanding of the latest technologies in agriculture and how they can be applied in agribusiness. International trade: An introduction to international trade in agricultural products, trade agreements, and global markets. Agribusiness entrepreneurship: An introduction to entrepreneurship in agribusiness, including business planning, start-up capital, and business management. Agricultural research and innovation: Understanding of the role of research and innovation in the agricultural industry. Field visits: Visits to agricultural production sites, processing facilities, and other related institutions to provide students with practical experience and a real-world understanding of the agricultural industry. In addition to these topics, the course may also include guest lectures from industry professionals, case studies, and group projects to enhance student learning and engagement.

ENT 312: Venture Creation     (2 Units) 

 Opportunity identification (sources of business opportunities in Nigeria. Environmental scanning. Demand and supply gap/unmet needs/market gaps/market research. Unutilised resources. Social and climate conditions and technology adoption gap. New business development (business planning, market research). Entrepreneurial finance (venture capital, equity finance, micro finance, personal savings, small business investment organizations and business plan competition). Entrepreneurial marketing and e-commerce: principles of marketing, customer acquisition & retention, B2B, C2C and B2C models of e-commerce, first mover advantage, Ecommerce business models and successful e-commerce companies,). Small business management/family business: leadership & management, basic bookkeeping, nature of family business and family business growth model. Negotiation and business communication (strategy and tactics of negotiation/bargaining, traditional and modern business communication methods). Opportunity discovery demonstrations (business idea generation presentations, business idea contest, brainstorming sessions, idea pitching). Technological solutions (the concept of market/customer solution, customer solution and emerging technologies, business applications of new technologies – Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual/Mixed Reality (VR), Internet of Things (IoTs), Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Renewable Energy etc. Digital business and ecommerce strategies). 

YEAR FOUR (FIRST SEMESTER)

UPH-AEA 406.1: Farm Management and Accounting (2 Units)

Decision making process and depreciation techniques of asset. Farm budgeting and cash flows and business analysis. Farm planning and analysis, problems of organization and managing farms, linear programming. Kinds and function of farm records and account. Basic principles of accounting. Nature of simple farm account. Types, uses and standard farm business accounting methods. Book of accounts and the Double entry book keeping. Book keeping for the final accounts. Capital and revenue expenditure and receipts. Adjustments in final accounts. Financial measures of success. Inventory, income tax farm and valuation of stock. Types, uses the balance sheet. Journal and ledger. Profit and loss statement preparation. Adjusting entries. Importance of Farm Records and Accounts. Farm resources inventories. Crop Operation Accounts. Livestock Operation Accounts. Aquaculture Operation Accounts. Income and Expenditure Records. Labour Records, Farm Assets Valuation, Depreciation Methods. Farm Financial Analysis. Financial Statements. Cooperative Accounting. Agricultural Business

Risks. Practical: Construction of farm accounts and financial statements for a hypothetical farm

UPH-AEA 413.1: Agribusiness Enterprises and Value Chain Analysis (2 Units)

Definition and types of Types of value chain analysis. Outbound and inbound logistics, procurement and services, technological development in the various agribusiness enterprises, market oriented supply chain, design of value chains, purchasing and sourcing, flow management, value chain optimization. Introduction to Agribusiness: Definition, Scope, and Characteristics. Agribusiness Management: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, and Controlling. Agribusiness Marketing: Market Structures, Market Research, and Marketing Mix. Agribusiness Finance: Capital Structure, Financial Planning, and Budgeting. Agribusiness Entrepreneurship: Starting and Managing an Agribusiness Enterprise. Value Chain Analysis: Concept, Importance, and Stages of Value Chain. Value Chain Governance: Contract Farming, Joint Ventures, and Strategic Alliances. Value Chain Upgrading: Product Development, Quality Improvement, and Innovation. Agribusiness Risk Management: Identification, Assessment, and Mitigation of Risks. Case Studies: Analysis of Agribusiness Enterprises and Value Chains. Throughout the course, students will be expected to apply various tools and techniques such as SWOT analysis, Porter’s five forces analysis, and supply chain mapping to understand and analyze agribusiness enterprises and value chains. The course may also involve field visits to agribusiness enterprises and guest lectures from industry experts.

AGB 401.1: Research Methods and Statistics    (2 Units)

Nature, scope and purpose of scientific research in Agribusiness. Basic principles of research design. Research variables and data types. Scaling and questionnaire design. Inferential statistics. Review of sampling techniques. Types of data and collection techniques. Hypothesis testing etc. Data analytical techniques. Chi distribution. Correlation regression. Principal component analysis. Discriminant analysis, etc. Presentation of research finding in narrative, tabular and graphic forms. Guidelines on scientific report writing.

AGB 402.1: Entrepreneurship and Agribusiness Development (2 units)

Nature and importance of entrepreneurship in business and societal development, The entrepreneur self-assessment test kit. Nature of Agribusiness and its importance in Agricultural and Economic development. Forms of Agribusiness organizations: sole proprietorship, cooperative, private limited liability company, public limited liability company, etc. Prospective Agribusiness ideas worth investing in. Starting up and growing Agribusiness. Effective management of Agribusiness resources such as finance, personnel, time, equipment, etc in Agribusiness enterprises. Investment climate and its effect on Agribusiness in Nigeria.

AGB 403.1: Financial Management and Policy    (2 Units)   

Mathematics of Finance; Time value of money. Compounding methods. Discounting techniques Sources of Finance: short term, median term and long term finance. Relative advantages and disadvantages of the firm structure and types of sources of finance. Capital structure: the effect of financial structure on returns. The traditional position and Modigliani miler hypothesis. – The evidence from empirical studies. The concept of leverage: Finance leverage operating leverage and combined leverage. Cost of capital. The concept of measurement. The overall cost of capital. Working capital management: Inventory management, management of debtors, cash management and budgeting. Financing analysis. Techniques for measuring forecasting earnings. Cross-section and time series and analysis of accounting indexes. The use of indices in financial analysis. Investment models of asset valuation. Financial ratio, cash flow statements, trend analysis capital budgeting under certainty. Importance of capital budgeting; Capital budgeting criteria NPV and IRR. Evaluation of projects; independent projects, mutually exclusive projects and replacement projects. The effects of capital rationing and inflation. Timing of investments.

AGB 406.1: Econometrics for Agribusiness   (2 Units)   

The nature and scope of econometrics. Correlation analysis and the classical linear regression model (CLRM). Simple regression analysis: the ordinary least squares (OLS) method, the basic assumptions of CLRM, the test of significance of the least squares estimates, multiple regression, functional forms of regression models, Dummy variables, violation of basic CLRM assumptions. Multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, autocorrelations and application of Computer in regression analysis. Applications of econometrics in Agribusiness: Production.

Consumption and Demand analysis.

UPH-AEA 416.1: Agribusiness Risk and Management Economics (2 Units, C: LH 30)

General understanding of risk: meaning, identification of sources of risk in agribusiness enterprise; assessment and measurement of risk exposure. Management strategies for handling Agribusiness risk. Risk financing – risk assumption, risk transfer other than insurance, self-insurance and financed risk retention, insurance. Loss control in agribusiness; avoidance, loss prevention, risk reduction strategies, monitoring and evaluation of risk management programme. Introduction to agribusiness risk and management: This topic covers the concepts and principles of agribusiness risk and management, including the types of risks that agribusinesses face, the tools and techniques for risk management, and the importance of risk management in the agricultural sector. Risk assessment and analysis: methods and tools for assessing and analyzing risks in agribusiness, such as risk identification, risk measurement, and risk evaluation. Different types of risks that agribusinesses face, including market risk, production risk, financial risk, and legal risk. Risk management strategies: various strategies that agribusinesses. different types of insurance that agribusinesses can use to manage risk. Financial risk management: financial risks that agribusinesses face, including credit risk, interest rate risk, and liquidity risk. The course may also cover the financial tools and techniques that agribusinesses; risks associated with the agribusiness supply chain, including disruptions in supply and demand, transportation risks, and quality control risks. Strategies that agribusinesses can use to manage these risks, such as diversification, contingency planning, and supplier relationship management. Environmental risk management: environmental risks that agribusinesses face, such as climate change, soil degradation, and water scarcity. strategies that agribusinesses can use to manage these risks, such as sustainable farming practices, conservation programs, and environmental monitoring. Legal risk management: legal risks that agribusinesses face, such as compliance with regulations, contracts, and intellectual property rights. Strategies that agribusinesses can use to manage these risks, such as legal risk assessment, legal risk mitigation, and legal risk transfer. Case studies and group projects: case studies of real-world agribusinesses that have faced and successfully managed various types of risks. Group projects may also be included to allow students to apply the concepts and principles learned in the course to a real-world scenario.

UPH-AEA 414.1: Digital Marketing in Agribusiness (2 units)

Understanding the internet: Meaning of internet, getting connected to the web, dial-up connection, full access, digital satellite link, radio connection. Choosing an ISP. Browsing the internet and accessing a website. Internet Resources. The meaning and usage of internet technology such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP), the Gopher, Telnet, The Bulletin Board Services (BBS), World Wide Wide (www), etc Challenges of Cyber Marketing: Meaning of Cyber Marketing, its Origin and objectives. The allures of e-commerce and types of ecommerce such as B2B, B2C, B2B2C. The pitfalls of internet marketing, Roles of internet incubators. Creating and Maintaining Market Presence on the Internet: The role of mission and objectives, crafting a Web business model, defining market focus and how to reach target customer and get paid for their procurement. Designing the Website, what type of website, promotional site, content site and transaction sites set up cost. The project team, site launching and implementation, Branding and popularizing the website. The Internet and the Marketing Mix. Understanding of the component of the marketing mix in relation to the internet marketing, The Nude economy, Product development process, protocol development, Economic and Technical feasibility, Test Marketing, Product launch, etc. Web based advertising and advertising tools. Ad serving, Advertising on free ware and Shareware, commercial on-line services advertisers. Customer relationship management, advertising cost, public relations and sales promotion on internet, salesmen and the internet: Factors affecting pricing on the internet, price intelligence and demand and supply chain management. Internet marketing and Disintermediation. The Internet and e-commerce Selected Applications: Internet based accounting. On-line employment Bureau. The internet and Air Travel Agency, Marketing of Music, Financial services and Tours, the Internet and Stock broking, etc. Factors to consider in buying shares of Internet firm, e-Customer and e-Tools: Introduction to e-Customers motivation, expectation. On-line buying process, on-line information processing. On-line relationships and loyalty, Customer profiles, the post Customer in relation to World and Nigeria economy. Introduction to e-tools such as interactive digital TV and Radio, Mobile device interactive kiosks, ID-ROMs and Interactive business cards. Traffic Building: introduction to traffic building, search engines, Portals, Link building banner, Viral Marketing, Offline traffic building, Control and resources relating them to the Nigerian economy. E-Planning: Introduction to e-planning, situation analysis, objectives, strategies, tactics, action, control and resources. Social Media Marketing: This topic covers the use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn to promote agribusiness products and services. Search Engine Optimization (SEO). Content Marketing. Email Marketing: Digital Advertising: This topic covers the various types of digital advertising, such as display ads, search ads, and social media ads, and their role in agribusiness. Analytics and Measurement: 

AGB 409.1: Export Management and International Business      (2 Units)  

Meaning of export Management; Advantage and Disadvantages. Trading overseas Export promotion councils; Management skills required in foreign market freights. Logistics and specialized transport issues for export managers/import managers. Free trade zones and bonded warehouse. Technology in global business. Globalization and management. Export compliance and security management. INCO terms and documentation. Development of Resources in the export supply chain management. Strategy for entry into international markets. Control and management of MNCs. Organizational structure and operating mechanism of MNCs. Board of Directors. Pricing policies. Relationship with Government agencies counting public interest issue. Marketing trade blocks and common market. International financial operation. Definition of Multinational Investment. Issues in Multinationals and third world economic development. The new economic order and the multinationals. Third world multinationals. National and International control of Multinationals. 

YEAR FOUR (SECOND SEMESTER)

UPH-AEA 410.2 Procurement, Logistics, Supply Chain in Agriculture (2 Units)

Purchasing and its contribution to the organization. Mission and Vision of Procurement. International Best Practices in Procurement. the influence of the External Environment in Procurement. Developing a World class procurement strategy, Procurement Cycle – Process. ` Develop procurement processes. Mapping of procurement processes. Define strategic and operational processes. Procurement Guideline and Internal Controls. Integrating ethical principles; Implement procurement processes. Supply and value chain management involve the flow and value addition of raw materials and information among the firms in different locations that contribute value to a product, from the source of raw materials to the production and to the final customers with more specific in agribusiness supply and value chain. Concepts of supply chain management. Applications of methodology in supply chain analysis. Supply chain technology systems, integrated supply chain management, integrative logistics management, quality customer service, procurement management, supply chain logistics operations, inventory management, manufacturing, distribution and warehouse management, packaging and handling, transportation, supply chain logistics planning & design. Performance, risk and security management in supply and value chain operations will be assessed.  Role of Setting the Strategic Sourcing Methodology: Spend Category Analysis & Strategy: Assessing market risks. Segmentation and analysis of suppliers. Development of Procurement Processes and Implementation: Develop procurement processes. Mapping of procurement processes. Supplier Integration and Management: Supplier Prequalification. Supplier Rating and Ranking. Understanding Logistics and the Supply Chain: Definitions of logistics and Supply Chain management: History and the development. Understanding the Supply Chain dynamics. Transportation Economics: Role of Transportation in Logistics. Management Key Decisions etc. Inventory Management: Statistics in inventory management. Financial in inventory management. Improving the organization’s logistics and supply chain.

UPH-AEA 412 Agribusiness Value Addition Technology, Principles and Practice   (2 Units)

Philosophy and principles of Post-harvest technology; Review of modern techniques in food processing, packaging and storage. Historical development of the Nigeria food industries with emphasis on indigenous concepts and cottage industries for various food commodities. Technological limitations. Problems and Prospects of the Nigeria food industry. Sensory and nutritional characteristics of food as affected by method of preservation. Quality control measures, role of legislation agencies and food legislation. Commercialization of research results by the Nigeria food industries; constraints and way forward. Introduction to Agribusiness: basics of agribusiness, including its history, scope, and importance in the economy. Value Addition in Agribusiness: principles of value addition, the benefits of value addition in agriculture, and the various value addition techniques. Post-Harvest Management post-harvest handling techniques, such as harvesting, sorting, grading, and packaging. Food Preservation and Processing: food preservation techniques, such as drying, canning, and freezing, and food processing techniques, such as milling, refining, and fortification. Marketing and Distribution: principles of marketing and distribution, including market research, branding, pricing, and distribution channels. Agribusiness Policy and Regulations: policies and regulations governing agribusiness, including environmental regulations, food safety regulations, and trade regulations. Case Studies and Best Practices case studies and best practices in agribusiness value addition from different regions and sectors.

UPH-AEA 415.2: Analysis of Agribusiness Decisions (2 Units)

Elements of decision analysis; types of decision situations, Decision trees, Operational Research (OR) Analysis, Approach to Decision Analysis, Systems and System Analysis Modeling OR, Simulation, Cases for OR Analysis, Mathematical Programming, Transportation model, Assignment, Other OR Model, Conflict Analysis and Game Theory, Project management, Inventory models, Lint balancing, Routing and sequencing and Series. Introduction to Agribusiness: history and evolution of agribusiness, the different types of agribusinesses, and the current trends and challenges facing the industry. Economic Concepts and Principles: fundamental economic concepts and principles such as supply and demand, market equilibrium, elasticity, cost analysis, and pricing strategies. Financial Management: basics of financial management for agribusinesses, including financial statements, ratio analysis, budgeting, and financial planning.

Production and Operations Management: concepts of production and operations management, including production planning, inventory management, quality control, and process improvement. Marketing and Distribution: marketing strategies for agribusinesses, including market research, product development, branding, promotion, and distribution channels.

Risk Management risk management strategies for agribusinesses, including risk assessment, risk analysis, risk transfer, and risk avoidance. International Agribusiness: the global agribusiness environment, international trade, trade agreements, and cultural considerations in doing business in other countries. Agribusiness Policy and Ethics: the regulatory and policy environment for agribusiness, including government regulations, ethical considerations, and social responsibility.

AGB 410.2: Agribusiness Policy Analysis (2 units)

Organic Business functions of management, Production, Finance and Personnel in Nigeria.  Management Process of corporate planning, budgeting and control, Business performance appraisal, Management by Objective, motivating group and individual efforts and generally relating an organization to the change taking place in the environment. Preceding the dynamic environment. Anticipating the impacts of environmental changes on strategies and performance of a firm. Analyses of the role of employee and managerial behavior in success or failure of strategy, Implementation, Problems of matching organization and strategy, and introducing change in the members of the firm execute given tasks. The issue of learning an unlearning in the interest of adjusting strategies and policies to a firm’s performance experience. Strategies in the functional areas. Determine the market and marketing strategies for Nigerian firms and products. Research and development strategies in Nigeria. Production and procurement strategies. Personnel and industrial relations strategy in Nigeria. The design of financial strategies and policies. Behavioral and structural strategies for implementing chosen business strategies, integrated analysis.  Recent development affecting the strategy formulation and implementation processes of firms in Nigeria.

AGB 416.2: Agribusiness Investment and Project Analysis (2 units)

Definition of investment as the rate of change in capital stock. The environment of investment. The determinants of investment in financial asset projects as investment in inter-related assets that together make a make a production cycle or service; project evaluation, types of project; nature of projects, evaluation cash flows and accounting profit. Estimating cash flows and tax effect on process and project evaluation technique. Visual selection method, capital, recovery period, accounting rate of return, Net Present Value, method, internal rate of return and time adjusted discounting. Project evaluation in special circumstances: project size, inequality in project life, replacement decisions, make or business decisions and capital rationing. Leasing decision: lease or borrowing, lease or borrow to buy. Project feasibility analysis, technical analysis, economic analysis, financial analysis and sensitivity analysis, risk analysis in project evaluation. Security evaluation: approaches to security evaluation. Security valuation methods. Valuation of bonds, valuation of equity securities, dividend and earning valuation models, valuation of convertibles and warrants, etc.  Technical analysis- the DOW theory, charting techniques and non-charting techniques. Out and call 

AGB 498.2: Seminar in Agribusiness   (1Units)

Students are expected to write a research proposal in the light of identified problem(s) in the agribusiness sector. The research proposal is expected to cover the introduction, statement of problem, research objective, research question, hypothesis (if any), Significance of the study. Literature review. Methodology- which should include the statistical and econometric tools of analysis. Research proposal will be presented by the student individually (or in groups) using appropriate communication and presentation aids. Hard copy of the research to be produced/submitted by the student. 

AGB 499.2:   Research Project (6 units)

Each final year student is expected to take up a project topic relevant to his/her area of specialization, propose his/her research and present findings of the research work. This shall be under the supervision of a lecturer(s) in the department. Hard copies of the project must be submitted to the department.  

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

YEAR FIVE (FIRST SEMESTER)

AEE 501.1 Social Research Methods and Statistics (2 units)

Defining a research problem; Developing hypothesis and objectives; Principles of research design; Questionnaire preparation and collection of data; Principles of measurement; Scaling techniques; Data collection methods; Sampling techniques; Report writing; Presentation procedures and skills (narrative, tabular, pictorial formats, etc.); Participatory research techniques; Inferential statistics: Chi-square; t-test; Z-test; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); Correlation; Regression (Logit, Probit),

AGX 501.1 Programme Development and Planning in Agricultural Extension (2 units)

Definition and principles of extension programme planning; approaches and steps in extension programme planning; importance of programme planning in agricultural extension needs, types and criteria for effective programme objectives; learning experience, clientele participation; long and short range programme, plan of work and calendar of work; the role of good public relations; and cooperation for an extension worker; associations and cooperatives; concepts of evaluation applied to agricultural extension programme. Practical: Students will develop extension programme of work and report; field trip.

AGX 502.1 Adult and Sustainable Livelihood Education in Agricultural Extension (2 units)

Characteristics of formal education rationales for adult education in agriculture, principles of adult learning through lifespan; effective teaching methods for adult farmers; identifying and enrolling clientele; how and why adults learn; motivating and preserving farmers interest in learning; planning process for adult educational programme in agriculture; principles and procedures for evaluating programme in adult education in agriculture. Practical: case studies: field trip.

AGX 503.1 Communication in Agricultural Extension and Development Studies (2 units)

Definition and principles of effective communication process and agricultural productivity; communication models; patterns of communications in agriculture; principles of public speaking: Noise in communication and ways of controlling them; types of agricultural information materials and their preparations; principles and contribution of audio-visuals in agriculture, radio and television broadcast; extension circular letter, poster and report; new development in mass media for agricultural clientele. Use of ICTs in agriculture (Email. Internet. Web); photography and documentation in extension. Meaning and importance, concepts and techniques of speech writing; principles and methods of writing various types of extension publications. Leaflets, circular letter, future stories etc; techniques of writing scripts for radio press release and films; principles of layout and cover designs; working knowledge of various types of printing processes. Practical. Laboratory experience in preparation and use of projection and non-projected audio visuals. Trip to media houses. Practice on how to use several media such as digital cameras. Practice in writing and preparing leaflets, circular letters, feature articles, news stories, script for radio, etc.

AGX 504.1 Rural Youth and Women Extension Programme (2 units)

Philosophy of rural youth work; types of rural youth clubs; basic factors in organizing rural youth programme. Development of extension programme for youth clubs. Organization for administration and supervision; leadership training in rural youth organization, training professional youth workers; evaluating rural youth programme. Philosophy and principles of home economics extension in Nigeria; Scope of home economics; role of rural women in Nigerian agriculture and economic development; factors in home economics programmes, planning and evaluation; priority determination; coordinating home economics with other agencies and organizations for rural development. Practical; Field study and trips 

AGX 505.1 Rural Sociology (2 units)

Theory of sociology; Analysis of social structure of rural agrarian system and societies. Selected theories of social change and their potential for modernization of rural societies; social change and attitude change. Measurements of changes in rural societies, resistance and conducive forces to change in rural societies. Economic aspects of social change; group dynamics; traditional institutions and their transformation, leadership patterns. Involvement of local people in direct change. Problems of rural societies, their causes and solutions special topics in rural sociology, selected case studies.

AGX 506.1 Home Economics Extension (2 Units)

Philosophy and principles of home economics extension in Nigeria: scope of home economics; Gender analysis in agricultural and rural development extension: Role of women in the household,  research methodologies, rural livelihood diversity, appropriate technology for rural women, income generation, nutrition and household food security, environmental education, health education; role of rural women in Nigerian agriculture and economic development; Participatory training: principles of participatory training factors in home economics programmes, planning and evaluation; priority determination; coordinating home economics with other agencies and organisations for rural development. Post-harvest handling and storage, chemical and physical changes of food; food preparations methods; food systems and food environments, food hygiene and food safety education; food security; food processing techniques, presentation, and preservation. Different types of fibers and fabrics for clothing and household uses; Dress sense; interior decoration, consumer education, principles of home management. Practical: Field study and trips.

AGX 507.1 Extension Psychology (2 units)

Personality development of individuals; factors influencing personality development; concepts, meaning of education, training. learning, teaching, intelligence, intelligent Quotient (IQ) and its application to learning. Concepts of remembering, forgetting, factors, enhancing them; strategies for solving problems of remembering, forgetting etc.EQ in human relations; classification of extension methods and description of selected methods- demonstration, meeting, campaigns, agric-shows, field-trip etc. Implications of psychology to extension education.

AGR 502.1: Advances in Agriculture (2 units)

Historical background, Principles (principles of health, fairness, ecology, care) and practice of organic agriculture; Organic crop production, pest and disease management, predator control for sustainable and organic livestock production. Organic forestry, climate change and carbon sequestration, pasture management. Enterprise budgets and production costs for organic production, organic marketing resources and green markets; Hydroponic Agriculture: Preparation of nutrient solutions, media and methods (water culture, sub irrigation, slop and drip). Benefits and constraints; Tissue Culture and Cloning Technology: Introduction, laboratory requirements, effects of hormone balance on explants growth and morphogenesis, callus formation and multiplication, establishment of Suspension cultures and Anther culture. Applications and relevance to Agriculture. Criticisms and laws (Bioethics and Biopiracy). Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (Health issues, influence on biodiversity, benefits and demerits); organic farm certification and export markets.

AGX 510.2 Leadership and Group Dynamics (2 units)

Definition and determination of leadership; Sources and structure of leadership in rural communities; types of community leaders and their role in facilitating acceptance of improved agricultural practices. Leadership theory; selection of local leaders; leaders and the group; types of community groups; groups and group dynamic theory; cooperation and conflicts within community systems; theory of group action. Problem solving in rural communities; group interactions and its effects on extension programme. Practical: Case studies; role play.

SECOND SEMESTER

AGX 500.2 Seminar (1 unit)

Each final year student is expected to deliver seminar on a chosen topic.

AGX 508.2 Rural Community Development (2 units)

Sociological, economic and related policy perspectives as they relate to rural development. The theories of community; community as a unit of social change; the micro and macro approaches to social change; dimensions of innovations; approaches to community development and other developments. Models of rural/agricultural development and infrastructural community development in Nigeria and other developing countries. The future of communities in Nigeria. Case studies on community development in Nigeria and other developing countries.

AGX 509.2 Technological and Social Change in Agriculture (2 units)

Understanding Technological change; Basic sociological concepts; technological change and societies; general principles in introducing technological change; Technological change in Nigerian agricultural development and extension; Ethical consideration in introducing technological change; Concept of Participatory Technology Development (PTD); Use of other participatory tools such as RRA, PRA etc. for development research

AGX 510.2 Leadership and Group Dynamics (2 units)

Definition and determination of leadership; Sources and structure of leadership in rural communities; types of community leaders and their role in facilitating acceptance of improved agricultural practices. Leadership theory; selection of local leaders; leaders and the group; types of community groups; groups and group dynamic theory; cooperation and conflicts within community systems; theory of group action. Problem solving in rural communities; group interactions and its effects on extension programme. Practical: Case studies; role play.

AGX 511.2 Agricultural Extension Administration (2 units)

Concepts, theories, principles and guidelines of administration, organization; supervision as applied to agricultural extension. Administrative functions and responsibility in agricultural extension, staff recruitment, training and development in extension services, selection and budget development and fiscal control; organization and administrative factors influencing development and implementation of extension policies; managerial decision making model in agriculture; extension personnel and office management; assessment of work accomplishment.

AGX 512.2 Diffusion of Innovations (2 units)

Definition and elements of diffusion; processes of adoption of innovations. The innovation decision process. Characteristics of innovation. Adoption rates and adopter categories. Factors to the differential adoption of agricultural innovations. Implication of these factors and process for effective agricultural extension work in rural areas. Relation between extension teaching methods and adoption categories opinion leadership. Theoretical formulation on the diffusion of innovations.

AGX 513.2 Comparative Extension Systems (2 units)

Agricultural extension in African countries (Nigeria, Kenya, Cameroun, Ghana, etc.); Agricultural extension in Europe/America; comparison of the various extension approaches used in different parts of the world. Private Extension Systems in selected countries of the world.

AGX 599.2   Research Project (6 units)

Each final year student is expected to take up a project topic, propose his research and present findings of the research work. This should be under the supervision of lecturer(s) in the department. Hard copies of the project should be submitted to the department.